Tuesday, 31 January 2012

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Distressed Debt Analysis: Strategies for Speculative Investors, by Stephen G Moyer J.D.

'Distressed Debt Analysis' is an essential reference for anyone involved in the valuation, bankruptcy, or restructuring of US-domiciled businesses.

  • Sales Rank: #54032 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: J Ross Pub
  • Published on: 2004-11
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.26" h x 1.15" w x 6.44" l, 1.61 pounds
  • Binding: Hardcover
  • 448 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

About the Author
Moyer is the Director of Research for Imperial Capital, LLC, located in Beverly Hills, CA. He has authored or overseen the developmnt of over 1000 research reports concerning high-yield or distressed debt investment opportunities. He has over 15 years of experience in investment analysis and corporate finance.

Most helpful customer reviews

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
Solid Primer for Distressed Debt
By Prosumer21
Bond professionals know that the worlds of investment grade, high yield, and distressed debt are as different as fire, water, and air. Though understanding either IG or HY helps with distressed debt analysis, it is different enough that a separate treatment is necessary. The legal and game theory aspects of dd analysis are quite interesting, and will help even investors who are dedicated to IG only. Along with Altman's work and some of the M&A texts out there, this book provides a good background. The price of the book has risen about 40% since I bought it two years ago, so that's one indication of the quality/demand for it. If you're in the field, you needn't worry that it's money wasted.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Comprehensive and Easy to Read
By Benjamin Ostrow
I needed to prep for an interview at a distressed debt fund and a Finance professor from college recommended this as the best resource. Moyer makes distressed debt scenarios easy to understand but does not skimp on the relevant details and concerns for investors.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Good Overview.
By kirby96
I recommend this book for new distressed debt professionals that, like me, didn't cover this in detail during their studies. A good overview to get you on your feet understanding the concepts quickly.

Erik Conrad Randall

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Sunday, 29 January 2012

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  • Published on: 1600
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  • Sales Rank: #4244814 in Books
  • Published on: 2007-03-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.98" h x .4" w x 6.97" l, 1.10 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 356 pages

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Friday, 27 January 2012

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  • Published on: 1600
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Thursday, 26 January 2012

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Teaching how to start and which applications to start with, understand the technologies and standards, and eliminate administering disparate non-integrated systems, this guide brings together deployment practices, practical guidance on integrating existing resources, and case studies to drive business value from the grid computing revolution.

  • Sales Rank: #4892638 in Books
  • Published on: 2004-01-09
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 9.30" h x .90" w x 6.80" l, 1.66 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 400 pages

From the Back Cover

  • A business-focused guide to the grid computing revolution
  • Best practices, case studies, and resources from IBM's experts
  • Drive unprecedented value from your existing IT investments
  • Simplify IT administration in heterogeneous environments
  • Build flexible, resilient infrastructures that deliver resources instantly
IBM Business On Demand Series: Your business blueprint for leveraging the grid computing revolution.

When you turn on the light, the power grid delivers exactly what you need, instantly. What if computers and networks could work that way? Now they can...and that will transform the way you do business. Grid Computing is about the "Business on Demand" revolution: delivering the exact technology resources you need, anywhere, anytime, without complexity or high cost. You can do it all, starting right now, starting with your existing systems. Whether you're an executive, strategist, architect, technologist, or developer, this book will show you how.

  • Master the fundamental concepts underlying grid and utility computing
  • Learn how to start and which applications to start with
  • Understand the state-of-the-art in technologies and standards
  • Use grid computing to maximize the value of existing resources
  • Build more flexible, resilient, and available operational infrastructures
  • Deliver instantaneous access to data and resources on a "sense and respond" basis
  • Eliminate the burden of administering disparate, non-integrated systems

In Grid Computing, leading IBM experts bring together best deployment practices, practical guidance on integrating existing resources, and up-to-the-minute case studies: all you need to drive business value from the grid computing revolution.

About the Author

JOSHY JOSEPH, Lead Developer in the IBM Systems Group Advanced Technologies organization, specializes in grid computing, autonomic computing, utility computing, and Web services. He is the author of several publications on Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI) and Web services, and he is actively involved in the Globus Grid Computing project.

CRAIG FELLENSTEIN, Chief Architect and Executive Consultant for IBM Global Services Network Services, has worked with key IBM global customers to deploy very large infrastructures, Next Generation Web Services, and strategic service provider solutions. He is senior networking strategist for IBM's Business On Demand initiatives. He also wrote Business On Demand: Technology and Strategy Perspectives.

Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Preface

The Grid Computing discipline involves the actual networking services and connections of a potentially unlimited number of ubiquitous computing devices within a "grid." This new innovative approach to computing can be most simply thought of as a massively large power "utility" grid, such as the one that provides power to our homes and businesses every day. This delivery of utility-based power has become second nature to many of us, worldwide. We know that by simply walking into a room and turning on the lights, the power will be directed to the proper devices of our choice at that moment in time (on demand). In this same utility fashion, Grid Computing openly seeks, and is capable of, adding an infinite number of computing devices into any grid environment, adding to the computing capability and problem resolution tasks within the operational grid environment, and at the exact time it is needed (on demand).

What is the Importance of this Book?

The last few years we have witnessed the emergence of Grid Computing as an innovative extension to distributed computing technology, for computing resource sharing among participants in a virtualized collection of organizations. This technology leverages a combination of hardware/software virtualization, and the distributed sharing of those virtualized resources. These resources can include all elements of computing, including: Hardware, software, applications, networking services, pervasive devices, and complex footprints of computing power. Grid Computing is one technology enabler for some of the most innovative and powerful emerging industrial solution approaches, including the IBM On Demand strategies,1 HP utility computing,2 and Sun N1 technologies.3

The emergence of open standards has a great influence on this computing technology, especially in providing seamless Grid interoperability and Grid integration facilities. We could find that technologies of Grid Computing are still evolving; however, the alignment with industry-wide open standards, and the commercial interests, quickly placed this technology into a forerunning state for infrastructure and technology development. The most notable standard we have seen in this area of Grid is the Global Grid Forum's4 Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA) initiative.

Until today, most of the work in Grid Computing has been concentrated at the academic, and standards level discussion and building custom solutions. However, the emergence of commercial utility services and the requirement for alignment with the rest of the organizational computing infrastructures hasten the development of open standards and interoperable commercial Grid solutions. This book is a detailed discussion on all aspects of Grid Computing, technology, applications, disciplines, and infrastructures. In this book we provide full treatment to covering the evolution of Grid Computing, existing Grid infrastructure components, emerging Grid service standards, and Grid architectures. In addition, we will explore detailed discussions on many prominent Grid middleware solutions.

What You Can Expect from This Book

We, the authors of this book, hope that you will find reading this book, an interesting and thought-provoking experience. In this book, we are introducing you to the basic Grid Computing principles, and to the emerging technology standards for Grid Computing. Readers will find this discussion interesting with a progressive evolution of technologies, discussed in this book in a concise, hard-hitting, and to-the-point fashion. We believe this will help the readers clearly understand the basic Grid Computing principles, the existing/emerging Grid standards, and their various usages models. We must be aware that the Grid standards are complex with a number of interrelations among themselves and other emerging standards such as XML and Web services. As we will see, this is a fast moving target and we should try to focus on this fact, early, so that we won't miss the opportunity to create Grid services and infrastructures suitable for each of our respective organizations or Grid initiatives.

In general, this book will explore:

  • The basic concepts of Grid Computing:Grid Computing discipline has been evolving over the past few years as a means of immense computing power and distributed data sharing facilities. We will discuss the many core aspects of these infrastructure components, and the high-level services built upon the Grid infrastructure as networking services.
  • How the Grid Computing is evolving as an open standard for resource sharing:The Grid Computing discipline is evolving. The focus is now on seamless interoperability and integration among participants of the Grid for better resources sharing. This is exceptionally challenging and a number of organizations are working collectively to provide an open and extensible standard and test beds for the Grid.
  • The influence of emerging technology standards on Grid infrastructure:Computing is always involving some process and form of evolution. New software standards and architectures are continually evolving to meet the requirements of global industries. The most notable and latest in this row are the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and the XML/Web services standards. These architectures and standards, as the reader will soon see, have tremendous influence in the emerging open Grid Computing standards.
  • The new Grid architecture and infrastructure:Based on the experience drawn form earlier Grid infrastructures, implementations, and the influence of the emerging open standards and technologies, the Grid computing standards organizations are designing an Open Grid Service Architecture (OGSA), and Open Grid Service Infrastructure (OGSI) for Grid computing. These important contributions will soon become the core platform for all the next generation Grid Computing technologies.
  • The most prominent toolkits and middleware solutions that will impact the Grid adoption:These open standards and technologies are not enough; we need real middleware solutions and high-level services using these standards and technologies. The most prominent middleware technology that exists today is Globus Toolkit.5 We will explore the details on this toolkit's robust architecture, and programming model capabilities to enable the latest Grid standards on the OGSI. In addition, we will explore some architectural concepts of the OGSI.NET6 toolkit, another notable implementation of the OGSI standard.
How this Book is Organized

This book contains 15 chapters, which are organized into five parts.

Part I—Grid Computing

Part 1 consists of Chapter 1. Chapter 1 provides a detailed but high-level introduction to the Grid Computing evolution, the applications, and the infrastructure requirements for any Grid environment. In addition, this chapter discusses Grid Computing disciplines, and the factors developers and service providers must consider during the implementation phases.

Part 2—Grid Computing Worldwide Initiatives

Part 2 consists of Chapter 2, Chapter 3, and Chapter 4. This part is more on defining Grid Computing, its evolution, the factors that are affecting these evolutions and the organizations that are influencing/deciding the adoption of this new technology. In addition, we will see a general-purpose architecture solution for the emerging Grid Computing infrastructure and a road map for Grid Computing technology initiatives.

Chapter 2: "Grid Computing Organizations and Their Roles." There are a number of organizations from various industry sectors including scientific research, commercial, and standards organizations that are affecting the Grid Computing adoptions, infrastructure development, testing, standardization, and guideline developments. This chapter introduces us to the major plays in the Grid world.

Chapter 3: "The Grid Computing Anatomy." This chapter defines the problems of coordinated resource sharing, the concepts of virtual organization formation, and a protocol architecture solution for the Grid problems. In addition, this chapter examines the Grid in relation with other distributed technologies such as Web, object-oriented, distributed technologies, service provider's frameworks, clusters, and peer-to-peer computing.

Chapter 4: "The Grid Computing Road Map" is a brief. Here we will be discussing the current and prominent technology initiatives that are affecting the recent Grid Computing revolution. Some of the prominent technology initiatives that are acting as catalysts to the evolution are Business On Demand environments, autonomic computing, service oriented architectures and semantic Grid.

Part 3—The New Generation of Grid Computing Applications

Part 3 consists of Chapter 5. In this part we will explore the technology constructs of the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) that will set the stage for the new generation of Grid Computing applications.

Chapter 5: "Merging the Grid Service Architecture with the Web Service Architecture." This is an extensive chapter, which defines the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) and it's respective implementations, Web and Web services. Our discussion on Web services covers the details on extensible Markup Language (XML), Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), and Web Service Description Language (WSDL 1.1/1.2). In addition, we will explore the details of Global XML Architecture (GXA) and some emerging standards (WS-Security, WS-Policy, WS-Addressing). Another notable area covered in the chapter is the Web service interoperability (WS-I) basic profile and the tools to assert the interoperability validations. We will end the chapter with a detailed discussion on Web service state management, the concepts around stateful interactions/applications, and how Grid networking services relate to stateful Web services.

Part 4—The Grid Computing Technological Viewpoints

Part 4 consists of Chapter 6, Chapter 7, Chapter 8, Chapter 9, and Chapter 10. This part introduces the concept of Open Grid Service Architecture and the motivations that drive OGSA standardization. In addition to this, we will describe the OGSA architecture and the core infrastructure components for this architecture. This discussion will align Grid Computing with the other emerging technologies. In addition, we will define some of the core base services defined by the OGSA platform.

Chapter 6: "Open Grid Services Architecture (OGSA)." This chapter will introduce the new OGSA architecture defined for Grid Computing. This is based on open standards and a Global Grid Forum initiative. This discussion introduces us to the architectural layers as defined by OGSA. This chapter will then set the stage for the forthcoming discussions on OGSA.

Chapter 7: "Some Sample Use Cases that Drive the OGSA." Any well thought-out architecture is driven from a set of use cases, which captures the scenarios, involved parties, and the solution requirements for the architecture. This chapter will introduce some representative sample use cases from various industry sectors to illustrate this process of requirements gathering.

Chapter 8: "The OGSA Platform Components." This is a simple chapter with an illustration on IBM vision for OGSA. This chapter enhances the OGSA architecture with more detailed layering and relationship with the other existing application and system components.

Chapter 9: "Open Grid Services Infrastructure (OGSI)." This chapter discusses one of the most important aspects of the OGSA, the core infrastructure foundation for all Grid services. In this chapter we will cover the details on this infrastructure that will define the behaviors for all Grid services created for OGSA, including state management, instance naming, life cycle management, and fault handling. This chapter covers the core interfaces defined by the specification and their significance and usage patterns. In addition to this, we will define the relationship between Web services and Grid services, the similarities and differences of their description mechanisms, and the significance of the Grid Web Service Description Language (GWSDL). In this chapter, one will realize a tremendous amount of valuable information on the core infrastructure software.

Chapter 10: "OGSA Basic Services." Based on the OGSI specification and the architecture requirements, a number of core services were developed in the Grid area. These services emerged from the requirements gathered from the use cases collected from various industry sectors. This chapter will introduce the readers to some of these prominent base services. This discussion covers the details on Grid services for resource management modeling, policy enforcement, service grouping, security, metering/accounting, logging, and distributed data management.

Part 5—The Grid Computing Toolkits

Part 5 consists of Chapter 11, Chapter 12, Chapter 13, Chapter 14, and Chapter 15. In this part, we will learn about some of the prominent and emerging middleware solutions implemented using the Open Grid Service Infrastructure (OGSI) standard. The most prominent in this group is the Globus Toolkit. This part will cover the final release's software framework, entitled "Globus Toolkit 3" or GT3. Our discussion includes the GT3 architecture, programming model, sample Grid service development, and high-level services. In addition to Globus GT3, we will see another most notable software framework called OGSI.NET, which is also a realization of the OGSI specification.

Chapter 11: "GLOBUS GT3 Toolkit: Architecture." This chapter is dedicated to the Globus GT3 architecture model. We will discuss this layered architecture model provided by GT3. This software is built on Java, and enables a container model for the Grid service life cycle and instance management. This chapter introduces the reader to the architecture plug-ability of GT3 with Web service engines, and hosting capabilities in J2EE/J2SE containers. In addition, this chapter explains the GT3 security mechanisms and client side architecture details.

Chapter 12: "GLOBUS GT3 Toolkit: Programming Model." This chapter provides a detailed and in-depth analysis of the programming model supported by the GT3 software. This discussion will introduce the reader to the core service programming concepts, service data management, notification, and query processing. In addition we will discuss the service configurations, tools, and tracing options. The discussion on the client side-programming model in this chapter is also worth mentioning. Other aspects that will be discussed include security, and various message exchange models.

Chapter 13: "GLOBUS GT3 Toolkit: A Sample Implementation." In this chapter we will explore a sample Grid service implementation using a top-down approach, starting with GWSDL for a sample search service. Our discussion will provide a detailed look into each step of this service implementation, with the tools involved and the respective codes generated. In addition, the development is done in a phased manner with added complexities in each layer. Another most valuable discussion provided includes the traces of the SOAP messages exchanged during this service invocation. This helps the reader to understand the OGSI standards, and the GT3 in particular, and will provide better interoperability. In short, our sample will provide service data management, and notification. Finally we end with an EJB delegation model support provided in GT3.

Chapter 14: "GLOBUS GT3 Toolkit: High-Level Services." These high-level services are for resource discovery and monitoring, including resource allocation and data management. The prominent services introduced in this chapter are Index services, Resource Information provider (RIP) services, Grid Resource Allocation and Management (GRAM) services, and data management services. In addition, this chapter introduces the component model for information services. This discussion includes provider components, service data aggregation components, and registry components.

Chapter 15: "OGSI.NET Middleware Solutions." This chapter provides information on another OGSI specification implementation in the Microsoft .NET environment. The reader will find a detailed discussion on the architecture and programming model for developing Grid services for .NET.

Most helpful customer reviews

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
cheerleading more than technical
By I. Christou
The reason I purchased this book was a review I read in the IEEE Software journal, that recommended highly this book as a technical book that even steps the reader through an example implementation GRID service. Well, the first part of the book is the usual "GRID vision" hand-waving how GRID-based computing will realize the concept of "utility computing" where you turn on the switch, and presto, all the computing cycles you were starving for, are there, running your scientific or engineering code or whatever...

The book unfortunately is not well-written. Far too often, sentences are not syntactically correct, obfuscating the authors' intents. The book is definitely not suited as a technical reference, because by reading it there is no way you can implement a GRID "HelloWorld" service. And even when you read Sotomayor's tutorial on GRID services, that actually does guide you through your first GRID service using Java WS-Core, all you've done is figure out how to implement Web-services running on GT4. No mention of distributed computing, how to take advantage of parallelism inherent in a computation etc. etc.

So, overall, the book serves mostly as a layman's (or manager's) introduction into what GRID-computing wishes it will eventually be.

10 of 12 people found the following review helpful.
Comprehensive Description, but too Heavyweight?
By W Boudville
Grid computing is extensively described here as a means of providing high powered utility computing on demand. Currently, its potential is mostly unrealised. Many companies and universities have different grid implementations, as described by the authors. The universities' main motivation is to dragoon enough computing resources for hard research problems. While in the commercial sector, computer companies like IBM want to sell on demand access as a means of entering a hopefully vast new market.
The grid approaches in the book collectively can be contrasted with p2p computing. Grid systems tend to use more diverse and powerful hardware and relatively small number of users. Think of this as the high end, while p2p is low end (e.g. the SETI desktop application). The book describes the vast amount of effort that has gone into devising grid standards and the various toolkits, most notably Globus.
A potential problem which may occur to the reader of this book is the sheer complexity of the grid approach. Its proponents argue that this is necessary complexity. But perhaps a p2p methodology might be easier to understand and use.
An analogy is with the X.400 and X.500 email and directory standards. While these are used by some companies, many have not done so. Due to the complexity and slowness. Too heavyweight. The danger for grid computing is meeting a similar fate. It may end up occupying a small high value niche, but no more.

8 of 11 people found the following review helpful.
> > > > Destined to be a classic book in its field.
By Richard Murch
The authors have written a fine book on the potential, execution and practicality of Grid or Utility Computing. It is large ( 400 pages ) and well written book, technically accurate and blends well with other industry strategies such as on demand and Autonomic Computing. The chapters on open standards are particularly strong, well thought out and presented. The book is designed well and book production, diagrams, layout is nothing short of highest quality - in short, excellent.
The prospect of true utility computing is within reach and technically feasible. The authors bring together best deployment practices, practical guidance on integrating existing resources, and applicable case studies. This book goes a long way to assisting that projection and should become a classic standard in the field.
Full kudos~! - and a doff of the hat to both authors.

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[G590.Ebook] PDF Download Unbirthing Stories: 5 Twisted Tales of Age Regression, by Susan Donym

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Unbirthing Stories: 5 Twisted Tales of Age Regression, by Susan Donym

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Unbirthing Stories: 5 Twisted Tales of Age Regression, by Susan Donym

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Unbirthing Stories: 5 Twisted Tales of Age Regression, by Susan Donym

In Susan Donym's new collection of dark and fantastic stories, five men are cursed to become younger, and younger... until they become as young as anybody can get, going all the way back to the womb.

Donym's tales capture the Freudian horror as well as the strange allure of finding yourself transformed into a tiny, totally helpless baby, trapped within a woman's flesh and depending on her for absolutely everything. We witness as grown men shrink down into helpless infants, powerless to resist as their adulthood is stripped away. They find themselves forced to start life over at the very beginning, at the mercy of the powerful women who hold them in their swollen bellies.

This collection of short stories contains disturbing situations and is intended for mature readers. Approx. 8600 words.

  • Sales Rank: #128480 in eBooks
  • Published on: 2014-09-28
  • Released on: 2014-09-28
  • Format: Kindle eBook

Most helpful customer reviews

2 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
The stories are short, but still enjoyable
By Groblek
This one is a collection of stories where the victim gets regressed into a woman's womb as a means of punishing him. I'm not going to go through the plots of the five stories in this collection, but they're all short pieces.
My favorite is the fourth story in the collection, as it uses a very interesting twist - the victim is already trapped in his new mother's belly, and the whole story is her talking to her belly. I find it particularly interesting since neither character is at all pleased with the situation.

The problem I have with these is simply that the stories are very short. They're really more scenes than proper stories, and with nothing to tie them together into a larger narrative, I find it a bit dissatisfying. Still, I'd give this one 3.5 out of five swollen bellies, since I liked four of the five shorts, even with them being less detailed than I’d prefer. In the end, I think the collection is still worth the $2.99 asking price.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Amusing twisted tales
By Kindle Customer
Good escapism entertainment that was just the thing, because the stories were short, but interesting and entertaining. The author must have a ambiguous feeling about men. I would not want to get on her bad side.

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Two Stars
By Amazon Customer
Sorry, just not my type of story line.

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Tuesday, 24 January 2012

[X229.Ebook] PDF Download Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe, by Roger Penrose

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Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe, by Roger Penrose

This groundbreaking book presents a new perspective on three of cosmology’s essential questions: What came before the Big Bang? What is the source of order in our universe? And what cosmic future awaits us?

Penrose shows how the expected fate of our ever-accelerating and expanding universe—heat death or ultimate entropy—can actually be reinterpreted as the conditions that will begin a new “Big Bang.” He details the basic principles beneath our universe, explaining various standard and non-standard cosmological models, the fundamental role of the cosmic microwave background, the paramount significance of black holes, and other basic building blocks of contemporary physics. Intellectually thrilling and widely accessible, Cycles of Time is a welcome new contribution to our understanding of the universe from one of our greatest mathematicians and thinkers.

  • Sales Rank: #213812 in Books
  • Brand: Brand: Vintage
  • Published on: 2012-05-01
  • Released on: 2012-05-01
  • Original language: English
  • Number of items: 1
  • Dimensions: 8.00" h x .65" w x 5.17" l, .53 pounds
  • Binding: Paperback
  • 304 pages
Features
  • Used Book in Good Condition

Review

“A surprising and unorthodox work. . . . Deeply enlightening.”
���� —The Wall Street Journal

“The hyper-density of this book made my brain feel simultaneously wiped out and dazzled.”
���� —Anthony Doerr, Best Science Books of the Year, The Boston Globe

“An intellectual thrill ride. . . . There’s no science fiction here, no imaginative filling in the gaps. There is, however, a very strong scientific case for expanding the boundaries of our thinking.” —Washington Independent Book Review

“Science needs more people like Penrose, willing and able to point out the flaws in fashionable models from a position of authority and to signpost alternative roads to follow.” —The Independent

“If you’ll forgive a skiing metaphor, Cycles of Time is a black diamond of a book. But like all steep slopes, sometimes you take a moment from your struggles and look up, and in front of you is an utterly gorgeous view.” —The Boston Globe

“Truly extraordinary. . . . This fascinating book will surely become a classic in the history of cosmology.” —Choice

�“Of interest to anyone who is interested in the world, how it works, and how it got here. . . . The best thing to do is to take a deep breath, grab a copy of this fascinating book, and plunge right in.” —New York Journal of Books

�“We must understand why the universe began in an incredibly special state, so well ordered that 14 billion years later, the universe still has not reached maximum disorder. Penrose is at his best when he explains this deep and beautiful mystery, and the book may be worth reading for this chapter alone.” —Science

“A genuinely new idea about the origins of the universe . . . [which] must be taken seriously.” —The Scotsman

�“As uncondescending in style . . . as his previous books. . . . [There are] many pleasures to be had.” —The Sunday Times (London)

About the Author
Roger Penrose is Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the University of Oxford. He has received numerous prizes and awards, most notably the Wolf Foundation Prize in physics, which he shared with Stephen Hawking,�and The Royal Society's Copley Medal. He is the author of three previous books, including The Emperor’s New Mind. He lives in Oxford, England.

Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
PREFACE

One of the deepest mysteries of our universe is the puzzle of whence it came.

When I entered Cambridge University as a mathematics graduate student, in the early 1950s, a fascinating cosmological theory was in the ascendant, known as the steady-state model. According to this scheme, the universe had no beginning, and it remained more-or-less the same, overall, for all time. The steady-state universe was able to achieve this, despite its expansion, because the continual depletion of material arising from the universe’s expansion is taken to be compensated by the continual creation of new material, in the form of an extremely diffuse hydrogen gas. My friend and mentor at Cambridge, the cosmologist Dennis Sciama, from whom I learnt the thrill of so much new physics, was at that time a strong proponent of steady-state cosmology, and he impressed upon me the beauty and power of that remarkable scheme of things.

Yet this theory has not stood the test of time. About 10 years after I had first entered Cambridge, and had become well acquainted with the theory, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered, to their own surprise, an all-pervading electromagnetic radiation, coming in from all directions, now referred to as the cosmic microwave background or CMB. This was soon identified, by Robert Dicke, as a predicted implication of the ‘flash’ of a Big-Bang origin to the universe, now presumed to have taken place some 14 thousand million years ago—an event that had been first seriously envisaged by Monsignor Georges Lema�tre in 1927, as an implication of his work on Einstein’s 1915 equations of general relativity and early observational indications of an expansion of the universe. With great courage and scientific honesty (when the CMB data became better established), Dennis Sciama publicly repudiated his earlier views and strongly supported the idea of the Big Bang origin to the universe from then on.

Since that time, cosmology has matured from a speculative pursuit into an exact science, and intense analysis of the CMB—coming from highly detailed data, generated by numerous superb experiments—has formed a major part of this revolution. However, many mysteries remain, and much speculation continues to be part of this endeavour. In this book, I provide descriptions not only of the main models of classical relativistic cosmology but also of various developments and puzzling issues that have arisen since then. Most particularly, there is a profound oddness underlying the Second Law of thermodynamics and the very nature of the Big Bang. In relation to this, I am putting forward a body of speculation of my own, which brings together many strands of different aspects of the universe we know.

My own unorthodox approach dates from the summer of 2005, though much of the detail is more recent. This account goes seriously into some of the geometry, but I have refrained from including, in the main body of the text, anything serious in the way of equations or other technicalities, all these being banished to the Appendices. The experts, only, are referred to those parts of the book. The scheme that I am now arguing for here is indeed unorthodox, yet it is based on geometrical and physical ideas which are very soundly based. Although something entirely different, this proposal turns out to have strong echoes of the old steady-state model!

I wonder what Dennis Sciama would have made of it.

Most helpful customer reviews

249 of 255 people found the following review helpful.
A Mathematical Origin to the Universe?
By Dr. Roy Simpson
Many who wish to buy this book will be familiar with the other works of Professor Roger Penrose (such as The Road to Reality). Some will be curious to learn about a new theory of the origin of the Universe. This book presents a radical new idea which Penrose has been developing in the past few years on the Big Bang: essentially the idea is that there was a pre-Big Bang era and there will be a post-Big Crunch era too.

So one could review both the book and the idea itself. Firstly some will worry about the level of mathematics presented in this book. In the main chapters there are equations such as S = k log V - Boltzmann's Equation. If you are not comfortable with this, then maybe you will not get the most from the book. However if you are comfortable with this and similar physics equations and numbers then the first section of the book is readable. Of course there are plenty of diagrams too. There is some hard maths however and this has been relegated to the Appendix (30 pages). This maths is very advanced and another of Penrose's technical books (Penrose and Rindler Volume 2) would be needed to understand it fully - so that is only for the experts. Given that the reader wont be learning this material in the present book it shows that there is some more complex machinery behind the scenes needed to comprehend the full idea.

In the first section the book returns to an old concern of Penrose namely the entropy present in the early universe: less than today - but why so much less? The chapter then focusses in on the Big Bang described using "Conformal Diagrams". The key on page 115 is important for reading these diagrams.

Part 3 introduces the new idea called Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC). Here we learn something about the idea that the Big Bang is merely a transition in the longer history of the universe. To get the most out of the mathematics in this section one needs to understand the idea of the conformal metrics introduced. Fortunately there are no calculations about it in the main text, but the idea needs to be understood. In order to develop the CCC hypothesis Penrose then needs to consider various physics issues: entropy, black hole information loss, the presence of mass in elementary particles. A novel use of other work in these areas provides for an interesting basis for the CCC hypothesis as we also study the far future of the Universe. Finally we close with some observational details from the Cosmic Background Data being gathered by satellites. So CCC is a physically testable theory!

If you are interested in another theory being presented at the forefront of Cosmology and Physics then this is for you. Also it provides another view of Penrose's approach to these subjects which is different from the mainstream. But beware that some of the mathematical ideas (of conformal infinity) go quite deep indeed - easily the subject of another book if this idea is successful!

175 of 185 people found the following review helpful.
Seduced by Math
By Patrick J. Sullivan
Roger Penrose's latest book is an exposition of his latest cosmological speculations. As usual Penrose cheerfully overestimates the mathematical capabilities and accomplishments of the typical scientifically educated lay person his books are ostensibly aimed at. He presents what he sees as a baffling fact, the unusually low entropy state of the early universe, and gradually leads the reader up to his explanation of the nature of our universe. Though Penrose is coy throughout the book's first two sections about the details of his conjecture, the title gives it away and indeed this book is ultimately a speculation about cyclical universes. There are definitely some points of interest, and readers who enjoyed Penrose's earlier works such as The Emperor's New Mind will likely be intrigued by parts of the book. But while less overambitious than the author's sweeping Road to Reality, Cycles of Time is far denser than more accessible popular science works such as Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time, so those who found that bestseller to be of use mostly as bookcase filler might want to give Penrose a pass here.

The book is divided into three main sections: entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics; the Big Bang and the puzzling low-entropy state of the early universe; then the largest and most detailed concluding section. This section details Penrose's Conformal Cyclic Cosmology (CCC) model, a scheme whereby a tiny portion of a late-stage universe in its Big Rip phase becomes the seed of the next universe's Big Bang, and so on ad infinitum.

Also as the book progresses, the author goes through at least three voices: first the definite, lecturing one in which entropy and Big bang cosmology are presented. Then the speculative, theorizing one in which CCC is detailed. Finally he concludes on a tentative note with overtones of self-doubt. Here Penrose frankly muses aloud. He makes vague moves toward linking (A) the explosive late-stage expansion of the universe as the expansive cosmological constant lambda overwhelms the dwindling effects of gravity and (B) the similarly explosive growth of the very early-stage universe in its hypothetical inflationary phase. But up until that point, Penrose has expressed nothing but skepticism regarding inflation, and in fact one of the self-described strengths of his CCC proposal is that it obviates the need for inflation altogether!

Penrose raises up CCC as the latest rival to the plain linear time Big Bang. He admits to a youthful fondness for the old Continuous Creation (CC) model, and CCC is admittedly negatively motivated by an authorial distaste for the unadorned Big Bang. On the positive motivation side, Penrose has been so captivated by a mathematical model developed by his colleague Paul Tod that he has developed it into his CCC idea. There seems to be no direct evidence for CCC, it offers no possibility for experiment, and it is probably non-falsifiable. In other words, on its merits it has a great deal in common with string theory, which Penrose has always been openly skeptical of. I refer to his seduction by math because reading Penrose enthuse over Tod's conformal map and its implication of a pre-Big Bang universe is a little like reading about Edward Witten championing string theory on the grounds of its mathematical beauty.

The author is of course not the first to speculate about earlier and later Big Bangs, cyclical Big Bangs, infinite Big Bangs, Big Bounces, etc. He acknowledges as much and even devotes a brief chapter to previous pre-Big Bang theories. Oddly though, he is quite unsympathetic to rival ideas that on the surface have a great deal in common with his CCC; I am referring specifically to Andre Linde's infinite inflation model. Penrose is skeptical of inflation and the need for it and is no champion of string theory or any string-based ideas. But strings aside, anyone familiar with infinite inflation will be right at home with CCC.

So although I am left completely unconvinced by book's end about the usefulness of or the need for CCC, the foregoing thoughts should serve to demonstrate that the book has succeeded at least in getting one reader to consider Penrose's arguments and to ponder the issues he raises. If Cycles of Time can do as much for some key young physics and math students, then the author may be content.

I should mention that although the appendices are mostly repositories of even more advanced math than Penrose believed most of his readers would be comfortable with, the endnotes are of significant use while reading the text. Chore though it may be, it is a more rewarding read to keep one finger open to the notes while reading the text and flip between the two as needed. The notes explain and clarify points Penrose makes throughout the text; they are mostly not simply page references to cited works. I wish (American) publishers would realize that in many cases such as this one footnotes serve the purpose far better than endnotes; they are not just irrelevant distractions cluttering up the page margin. But this seems to be a losing battle, and Penrose's publisher, Knopf, has joined the majority in considering notes to be best tucked tidily into the back of the book, 200 pages away from the text they apply to.

59 of 62 people found the following review helpful.
Beautiful but very speculative
By Light Pebble
Penrose puts forth an old idea, that the end of our universe is the start of a new one, in a beautiful new way. That is, eventually the universe will lose track of the scale of space and time. So the whole giant universe turns into a Big Bang of about zero size!
Astronomers have recently found out that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, so it doesn't look like it will ever recollapse in the ordinary way. But in Penrose's theory, this apparently depressing reality is essential for a cyclic universe, because it means that the universe at the end of time is a spacelike surface, so its geometry can match the geometry of the Big Bang singularity in the next eon.
He offers a partial answer for an old puzzle: why did the Big Bang have such incredibly low entropy? The second law of thermodynamics tells us that entropy never decreases. The low entropy of the Big Bang defines the arrow of time, since entropy has been increasing since then, and life wouldn't be possible without a low-entropy state to start from. But where did the very low-entropy Big Bang come from?
Penrose's answer (or part of it) is that black holes destroy the information that goes into them (whether black holes destroy information is a big controversy in physics). That means that when the black hole eventually evaporates by Hawking radiation, the entropy that was in the matter that fell in has been permanently destroyed. I don't know if this can destroy enough entropy to explain the next very low entropy Big Bang.
Penrose doesn't believe the inflation theory, which is that space expanded incredibly rapidly right after the Big Bang. He says his conformal cyclic cosmology theory explains the things that inflation was invented to explain: it explains correlations in temperature in the cosmic microwave background between areas that are separated by large angles, and the scale invariance in the temperature fluctuations. The CCC theory also requires Weyl curvature to be zero at the Big Bang. This apparently explains why we don't see magnetic monopoles, another thing that inflation is invoked to explain, although Penrose doesn't discuss this in his book.
The CCC theory seems much more appealing than the inflation theory. It's more parsimonious, not requiring extra fields or an incredibly rapid expansion of spacetime. The universe would have expanded at the normal rate, only over a very very long time before the Big Bang.
The big hole in Penrose's theory is that our universe can only lose track of the scale of space and time if rest mass disappears. Rest mass gives a scale to spacetime. So it's necessary that all particles should eventually decay into massless particles like photons, or lose their rest-mass some other way. He hasn't come up with any good explanation for how this would happen. His best attempt at a theoretical framework for the decay of rest mass is:
"A standard procedure for addressing the idea of an 'elementary particle' is to look for what are termed the 'irreducible representations of the Poincare' group'. Any elementary particle is supposed to be described according to such an irreducible representation. The Poincare' group is the mathematical structure describing the symmetries of the Minkowski space M, and this procedure is a natural one in the context of special relativity and quantum mechanics. The Poincare' group possesses two quantities referred to as Casimir operators, these being rest-mass and intrinsic spin, and accordingly the rest-mass and spin are deemed to be 'good quantum numbers', which remain constant so long as the particle is a stable one and does not interact with anything. However, this role of M appears to be less fundamental when there is a positive cosmological constant L (Greek letter Lambda in the book) present in physical laws (as L=0 for M), and it would seem that, when we are concerned with matters related to cosmology, it should be the symmetry group of de Sitter space-time D, rather than of M, that should ultimately be our concern. However, it turns out that rest-mass is not exactly a Casimir operator of the de Sitter group (there being a small additional term involving L), so that its ultimate status is more questionable in this case, and a very slow decay of rest mass seems to me to be not out of the question."
I don't know how convincing this is. Does rest mass need to be a Casimir operator of the spacetime, to be a good quantum number, so that it's conserved for a particle as long as it exists? Apparently nobody's worked out what becomes of quantum mechanics and the Standard Model of particle physics in de Sitter spacetime. Until they do, and rest mass really does turn out to fade away in the expanding universe, Penrose's theory will limp badly.
Perhaps the above quote will tell you whether you'll find Cycles of Time to be readable, or whether it'll make your eyes glaze over. I found it readable, but I'm somewhere between the "intelligent layman" and a real expert. I loved Penrose's earlier book The Road to Reality, and worked all the exercises in it that looked challenging, except for one.
In Cycles of Time, unlike in Road to Reality, Penrose relegates almost all equations and mathematics to a couple of appendices, where he explains the transition from the scale free geometry at the end of the previous eon, to the Big Bang. The dynamics of the earlier universe propagate through the Big Bang. There's a loose end: unwanted freedom in the spacetime metric right after the Big Bang, so it isn't fully determined by the universe before the Big Bang. Penrose proposes various ways of eliminating this freedom.
Penrose tends to throw around technical language without much explanation. Road to Reality might be a good reference; or Google it. He mentions "gravitational degrees of freedom" early in the book. What concretely ARE gravitational degrees of freedom, I wondered? I asked online, then noticed he defines them later in the book!
Even though he uses technical language, he's very good at making advanced physics accessible. I found Road to Reality to be intellectually nurturing. It stimulated me to learn multivariable complex analysis, which he uses in his work.
Penrose is a maverick who disagrees with much of the contemporary physics consensus. He dislikes many contemporary physics theories that are science-fictiony or kludgish, like string theory with its extra dimensions, and inflation. But as Mark Twain said, "Whenever you find yourself on the side of the majority, it is time to reform (or pause and reflect)." Penrose has done it again in this book: come up with a wonderful and beautiful idea for Penroseland, his mirror of reality. Perhaps his mirror focuses better than the consensus mirror.

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